ON THE 60TH ANNIVERSARY of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we can affirm the following with near certainty: Barring some horrific dissolution of the international order–and/or a direct nuclear threat to the U.S. homeland–America will never again target an enemy population with atomic weapons. Of course, that bears little or no pertinence to retrospective debates over the morality of nuking Japan to end World War II. Those debates typically pivot on whether or not Tokyo’s unconditional surrender could have been negotiated absent the deployment of Fat Man and Little Boy (or absent a massive U.S. invasion of the Japanese mainland). Most traditionalists say no. Most revisionists say yes–or, at the very least, probably.