The cost to rebuild the scientific infrastructure destroyed during the first two years of Russia’s war with Ukraine will cost more than an estimated $1 billion, UNESCO reported Monday.

UNESCO reported that 1,443 buildings and labs owned by 177 universities and organizations have been demolished or damaged by the war, and 750 parts of equipment used in a wide range of research activities were damaged, many beyond repair. The cost to restore the essential equipment is $45.9 million.