Judges and legal experts are raising alarms as generative artificial intelligence tools flood the legal profession, bringing a wave of botched filings, fake case citations, and mounting concerns about fraud in evidence.

The problem has grown urgent enough that in recent months, courts across the country have begun issuing orders clarifying the permissible uses of generative AI in litigation, often after being burned by attorneys who failed to vet what the machines produced, while some courts have issued no clear guidance.