On July 1, 1776, Edward Rutledge of South Carolina, a delegate who had argued against the Lee Resolution — the motion to declare the American colonies free and independent states — called for the Continental Congress to postpone the vote until the next day. With a little rest, he believed, Congress could achieve unanimity.

Fatigued delegates huddled in establishments such as City Tavern, which John Adams described as “the most genteel one in America.” Quiet caucusing and whispered deliberations over defection took place in dining rooms, the bar, and lodgings where travelers stayed. Must they truly break from King George III? Many desired independence but questioned whether it was prudent — whether they should stake their lives, fortunes, and sacred honor on a revolution many deemed bound to fail.