When the United States withdrew from the Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty earlier this year, it blamed Russia, accusing Moscow of violating the landmark Cold War pact with impunity for years, with its deployment of a mobile land-based cruise missile.

“Russia is solely responsible for the treaty’s demise,” Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said this summer. “Dating back to at least the mid-2000s, Russia developed, produced, flight-tested, and has now fielded multiple battalions of its noncompliant missile.”