Controversial FDA rules for e-cigarette producers will badly damage the growing vaping industry. The regulations, finalized in August, require that any product not on the market before 2007—when there were no vaping products available—undergo a costly retroactive application process for federal approval in order to continue selling their wares.

The incoming administration’s anti-regulatory stance has vaping advocates feeling bullish about the dawning Trump years. When these so-called “deeming regulations” became final in August after a years-long rulemaking process, it seemed the whole of the independent vaping industry might be doomed to bankruptcy. Complying with FDA’s premarket review could cost a manufacturer upwards of a million dollars.