At a recent gathering in Berlin of central European military security experts, there was consensus that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and most NATO member states, including the United States and Germany, are well prepared for any purely military aggression from Vladimir Putin’s Russia.

But they are not nearly so well prepared for subversive Russian actions aimed at corrupting Western politicians, businessmen, media, and public opinion. What is still lacking is an effective, full-spectrum strategy to stop Putin’s disinformation war already in progress against NATO and EU countries, a way of making Russian hybrid warfare just as costly and painful for him as any current or potential military aggression against Russia’s NATO neighbors would be.