A new generation of genetic engineering techniques, collectively known as “gene editing,” is being hailed as a game-changer in the life sciences. The highest-profile of the new methods, CRISPR, was developed just a few years ago and has already attracted hundreds of millions of dollars in biotech investments, sparked a round of patent wars and prompted predictions about a Nobel Prize.

Gene editing is one of those “dual use” technologies: It enables both novel approaches to basic biological research, and the literal redesign of life forms, ecosystems and even societies. Some of its proposed uses may be beneficial, but others would likely trigger far-reaching negative consequences.