An Israeli strike has taken out top Hamas leaders in Qatar. The strike is among the most significant operations in the two-year-long war that followed the Oct. 7 massacre. And its aftereffects will reverberate throughout the region and beyond.

On Sept. 9, Israeli air strikes hit a compound in Doha where top Hamas apparatchiks were gathering. The operation, dubbed Summit of Fire, was ordered by Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, and overseen by the country’s defense minister, Israel Katz. The strike was an exclusively Israeli operation, although the United States was reportedly notified in advance.