A significant number of ailment reports made in relation to the so-called Havana Syndrome are likely psychosomatic or the symptoms of other illnesses. Still, a 2022 intelligence community expert study found it plausible that some of the reported incidents had been caused by a pulse-burst electromagnetic device.

That bears note because the Russian government has the established means, tradecraft, and historic record of employing radio frequency devices to collect intelligence and cause physical harm. The U.S. intelligence community has documented as much.