Across overtime pay for police officers, military deployment costs, planning operations from public unions, and government grants paid out to participating activist organizations, taxpayers saw their contributions go toward funding both sides of the recent anti-immigration enforcement civil unrest in Los Angeles.

The Los Angeles city government, in particular, bore a heavy fiscal burden in response to the protests. Overtime pay for police officers has been a persistent problem for the city’s budget. A new report by the government watchdog group Open The Books found that the city spent a record $1.1 billion, including north of $265 million for police officers, on pay for extra hours from city employees — enough cash to cover the city’s entire budget deficit. Los Angeles Administrative Officer Matt Szabo said that overtime pay for officers to respond to the recent protests cost the city $11 million.