The leaders of Western Europe’s three biggest economies — France, the United Kingdom, and Germany — all hold the records for the most unpopular leaders in modern history.

German Chancellor Friedrich Merz holds the unambiguous record for the most unpopular chancellor in Germany’s history, with his approval rating hitting 16% in May, according to a Deutschlandtrend/ARD poll. French President Emmanuel Macron is either tied with former President François Hollande as the most unpopular French president of the past half century, or surpasses him in unpopularity, depending on the poll used. Outgoing United Kingdom Prime Minister Keir Starmer made history as the island nation’s most unpopular premier before his resignation, with an Ipsos poll finding just 13% of voters were satisfied with him, compared to 79% who were unsatisfied.