Last April, the Biden administration formally recognized the Armenian genocide, more than a century after it began.

In the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Turks engaged in the slaughter of upwards of 1 million Armenians and the displacement of even more. Evidence of government direction belies the fog of war explanation dominant in Turkey and among its scholars, as does the fact Ottoman Turkish authorities evacuated communities in towns and cities beyond the time and place of most World War I-era fighting.