Tacitus never saw the Teutonic forests, but in his first-century bestseller Germania, he told Romans that the German tribes who lived there had an “inherent love of liberty” and a rude kind of self-government. The men kept their women “fenced-in and chaste, without seductive display,” and if they caught a woman jumping the fence in adultery, they scourged her in public. They were an honorable and warlike people, and levying interest on loans was “unknown” among them.

Tacitus was an old-school republican orator from an established patrician family that had lost its status. The new, imperial Rome was glitzy, materialistic, hedonistic, and promiscuous. Tacitus rose through the system by playing a game he despised. When he praised the uncivilized Germans, he implicitly damned his over-civilized contemporaries. After writing Germania, he stepped back from public life. Perhaps he despised himself for his complicity in the trashing of republican virtue.