The National Security Agency‘s spying tactics leaked by former contractor Edward Snowden are threatening the U.S. economy‘s growing technology sector.

Companies, particularly in Europe, are rethinking their integration with the American digital economy, worried that their data may not be secure if processed by U.S. hardware or through U.S. data centers. They are especially concerned about the security of American cloud computing services, which use remote, virtual services to store data. American-manufactured computer hardware also is being scrutinized.