How Tolkien built worlds

Published December 19, 2025 4:22am ET



J. R. R. Tolkien was a poet at heart. Charmed by the sound of language, he was influenced by everything from the poem The Hound of Heaven by Francis Thompson to the plays of William Shakespeare to the Book of Isaiah to Anglo-Saxon works such as Beowulf and Christ I, a 10th-century Old English poem that begins with these lines: 

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